Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a storm on both adult and pediatric populations. Between June 1981 and February 1989, 1,432 children in the U.S.A. were diagnosed as having AIDS. Infants born to mothers infected with AIDS have a dysmorphic syndrome that include growth retardation, microcephaly, hypertelorism, prominent forehead, flat nasal bridge, long palpebral fissures with blue sclera, short nose, well developed philtrum, and patolous lips. Pediatric AIDS patients may have a normal T4/T8 ratio, but CNS involvement and interstitial pneumonia are more common than adult AIDS. The purpose of this study is to present a case of pediatric AIDS of a boy who developed AIDS following blood transfusion with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contaminated blood. In addition, an overview of oral manifestations and clinical features of pediatric AIDS including infections and dental management will be presented. Oral candidiasis was the most common finding of this patient. This usually affected large areas of the oral mucosa and dorsal surface of the tongue. Infrequent presentation of gingivitis particularly marginal and attached gingiva and poor oral hygiene with plaque accumulation were also noticed. It is importantthat dentists would be able to identify oral manifestations and clinical features of HIV infected children to participate appropriately in their care.
Saudi Dental Journal 1992;4(SI)-Abstr.56:p57.

Baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD) is a disease characterized by rampant caries in the primary dentition. Crowing concern about BBTD has prompted a closer look at this condition which brings many children to the dentist for extensive treatment at an early age. The two predisposing factors in BBTD are feeding a sweetened liquid or milk and infection with streptococcus mutans. Prevalence of BBTD varies between 3% to more than 50%. The onset of the disease has been reported to be at an average age of 20-22 months. The primary maxillary incisors are the first teeth to be affected followed by the first primary molars. The least to be affected are the mandibular primary incisors. The purposes of this table clinic are:

Over the years, stainless steel crowns have found a wide range of use in the world of clinical pedodontics. The purpose of this table clinic is to present an updated overview about the indications as well as the techniques of stainless steel crowns in the restoration of primary and young permanent teeth. In addition, the most common errors in using stainless steel crowns will be presented and documented by photographs. Also, a review of the significant factors contributing to crown retention will be presented. A new technique of fabrication of stainless steel crowns using the new bonding agents will be presented and described. The most common errors in using stainless steel crowns include ledge formation, which prevents a crown from seating, blanching of the gingival tissue when the stainless crown is too long, and incorrect finishing and polishing with resulting scratches and irregularities. The new technique is indicated when caries destroys one or more surfaces. These surfaces will be restored with glass ionomer. The technique suggests a reduction and coverage of the occlusal one-third of the tooth crown.
Saudi Dental Journal 1992;4(SI)-Abstr.58:p59.

Cockayne's syndrome is a rare, inherited, autosomal-recessive disorder, characterized clinically by cachectic dwarfism, cutaneous photosensitivity, loss of adipose tissue; mental retardation, skeletal and neurological abnormalities and pigmentary degeneration of the retina. The first symptom usually appears at age of two years old. The case of two siblings 3 ^xh -5 years old will be presented. A dental rehabilitation under C.A. and in the dental clinic will be demonstrated including the difficulties encountered because of a small oral cavity and restricted mandibular movement.

The pediatric dentist plays a significant role in managing the Cockayne's Syndrome patient.
Saudi Dental Journal 1992;4(SI)-Abstr.59:p60.

Electrical burns of the oral cavity are a relatively rare occurrence. They often occur as a result of sucking or biting on the "live" end of an extension cord or at the junction of an extension and appliance cord. The most common site of injury is the commissure and/or adjacent upper and lower lip. These burns are most common in children between six months and three years of age and are equally common among boys and girls. Microstomia is frequently seen as a result of the healing process in these injuries. In addition, abnormal development of the dentition and dental arches and psychological trauma should be considered. Several surgical and maxillofacial prosthetic philosophies of treatment have been used with the common purpose of preventing or reducing the effects of contraction with the resultant microstomia. The purpose of this study is to present a case of a three-year-old boy with electrical burn of the oral commissure. The nature of the injury as well as wound description and healing will be described. The course of treatment and preventive measures that have been proven to reduce the prevalence of traumatic episodes will also be explained. The technique for fabrication of the burn appliance will be described. The appliance can be removed when the patient eats, when the teeth and appliance are cleansed, or when modifications of the wings are necessary. When in place, the appliance is a static base from which the wings extend laterally to provide contact with both commissures. The shape, location, and thickness of the wings are important, not only in preventing contracture or cohesion of the lips during healing but also in shaping the affected commissure so as to duplicate the unaffected commissure. The successful use of the burn appliance ultimately depends on patient compliance. The parents need to be made aware of the possible sequelae and all preventive measures.
Saudi Dental Journal 1992;4(SI)-Abstr.60:p61.