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ISSN (Print) 1013-9052
EISSN 1658-3558
The Saudi Dental Journal,
P.O. Box 52500,
Riyadh 11563,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
P.O. Box 52500,
Riyadh 11563,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| Tel. |
966-1-467-7328 |
| Fax. |
933-1-467-7308 / 966-1-467-7534 |
| Email |
saudidj@ksu.edu.sa |
|
Microbial contamination of samples of dental unit water systems in Saudi Arabia Khalid M. Al-Saif,* BDS, MS, Mansour Assery,** BDS, MPH
Maha Alwi Nahas,*** BDS,
MSc, SA-Board
*Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University **M.S.D, Ministry of Defense and Aviation ***College of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health
The purpose of this study was to investigate contamination of the dental unit water systems in a sample of dental clinics in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 water samples (200 mL/sample) was collected from the handpieces line, air-water spray and tap water sources of the dental clinics. Microorganisms were identified using established culturing techniques (Analytab Products Inc.). Results: The prevalence of bacterial contamination was 84% in dental unit water lines of handpieces and 64% in air-water spray, while it was 10% in tap water samples. Bacillus and Pseuodmonas were found to be the predominant (52%) pathogenic microorganisms. Conclusion: The results indicated that dental unit water systems tested were contaminated. Therefore, more efforts should be directed to reduce (if not totally eliminate) the number of pathogens in the dental unit water systems.
Water delivered into
dental units by an "in line" system can be contaminated with exogenous
microorganisms.1-5 This might be due to the aspiration of
microorganisms into the dental unit handpieces or direct contamination by the
operator. 6,7
Contamination of dental unit water could also be from the tube
lumens from microorganisms in water-containing systems attached to surfaces to
produce a protective polysaccharide amorphous matrix. This biofilm could act as a reservoir of
microorganisms and facilitate rapid recontamination.8 The
contamination of dental unit water may increase the infections to patients
and/or dental team.
Some evidence indicated that dental personnel could be at increased risk of Legionella infection from dental unit water. 9,10 Two cases were reported from Liverpool Dental Hospital where medically compromised patients were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa originating from the dental unit water supplies. 7 Another oral infection attributed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposure from dental unit water has been documented on an immunocompromised patient. 7 Attempts to control contamination of dental unit water have involved the use of an in-line water filter and antibacterial agents in the water reservoirs. 11,12 American Dental Association (1986) recommended flushing water lines between patient visits. At the present time, commercially available options for improving dental unit water quality are limited and certainly involve additional cost. However, there are insufficient data to establish the effectiveness of the available infection control methods. The American Dental Association has set out an aggressive proactive research agenda for the control and prevention of microbial contamination of dental unit water so that the water delivered to dental patients is of the best possible quality. In Saudi Arabia, large numbers of dental centres have been established in the different parts of the country. In the absence of mandatory assessment of infection control of water being used in Saudi Arabian dental clinics, it is desirable to investigate the status of the water infection in the dental units. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate water contamination in the dental clinic of different dental centres in Saudi Arabia and identify the types of pathogenic microorganism if there were contamination.
Two hundred and seventy
water samples were randomly collected from different private and government
dental centres of nine cities in Saudi Arabia. These cities were Riyadh,
Dhahran, Taif, Khamis Mushait, Sharourah, Al'Madinah, Hail, Jubail, and Hafar
Al Baten. These centers were selected
randomly. In every clinic, the outside nozzle of all taps, handpieces and
air-water syringes were disinfected before collecting 200 ml of water in a sterile
bottle. All samples were immediately kept in the incubator at 370C
for 3 days before bacterial analysis and then transferred to the testing
laboratory in a sealed container.
Bacterial Detection The presence of bacteria microorganisms in the collected samples was determined by the method of Miles and Misra (1938). This method involved 10-fold serial dilution to 10-4 in sterile distilled water. Replicate 30 ul samples of each dilution were plated on Nutrient agar (Tryptose Blood Agar Base with Yeast Extract, Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) and incubated aerobically at 370C for 48 h. Complete bacterial clearance was defined as the inability to culture organisms with this method. Multiple tube technique was used for detection of coliforms.4 Measured volumes of water samples were added to a series of tubes containing a liquid indicator growth medium and incubated at 44oC and 37oC in a lactose-containing medium (lauryl tryptose broth). The presence of coliform bacilli was confirmed by the production of gas from lactose at 37o C which subsequently changed the colour to the most probable number (MPN). Bacterial Identification In positive subculture media, bacteria were isolated and identified by using API (Analytab Products Inc. Plainsview, NY, USA) enzyme test system for identifying clinical microbial isolates. Further characterization was performed at the laboratory centre for disease control at Al Hada Military Hospital.
Data showed that dental clinic water system investigated in this
study was contaminated with microorganisms. The prevalence varied among sources
of water sample (Figure 1). Bacterial
contamination was highest in the water samples collected from handpieces
(84.5%) and lowest in tap water (10.9%).
The type of bacteria found in the collected water samples is shown in Figure 2. In 38.8% of the water samples, no bacterial growth was seen. The highest bacteria was Bacillus type (29.6%) followed by Pseudomonas (22.8%). The type of bacteria per source is shown in Figure 3. Bacillus and pseudomonas were found predominantly in handpieces and air-water syringe. Majority of tap water showed no bacterial growth.
In this study, we have investigated the presence of microorganisms in the water systems of different dental centres in Saudi Arabia. It should be noted that the screening technique used in this study did not exclude the possible presence of micro-organisms other than those assayed. There is no known single culture method that can disclose all microorganisms. Results showed that dental units selected in the study had water contamination. The highest contamination was found in the dental unit water lines of handpieces followed by air-water spray. The lowest was seen in tap water. These results are in agreement with previous studies.7,10,15 Previous studies showed that different factors might influence bacterial levels in the dental units; the type of materials used in the tubing and the frequency of use.15-17 Another possible reason for the increase in water contamination in the dental unit is the model of the dental unit rather than the type of dental procedures generally performed with the dental unit.10 It should also be noted that the quantity of water sampled may affect the chances of isolating bacteria. It has been recommended that 100-mL samples are sufficient.10 In this study, 200 ml samples were used to ensure sufficiency of the quantity. Data from this study showed that majority of bacteria found were Bacillus type followed by Psudomonas. This is in agreement with previous studies. 7,18,19 It should be noted that Psudomonads are not common causes of oral infections, but can infect medically compromised patients.20 The presence of Pseudomonas in water supply of dental units may therefore represent a potential source of danger. Retrospective survey showed no evidence that either local or systemic infections had occurred in patients treated on units contaminated with pseudomonas except in immunocompromised patients.7 In summary, results showed that water contamination by microorganisms was prevalent in the water of the dental centres examined. Efforts should be focused on reducing if not eliminating such contamination for better dental care of patients. A variety of reagents and techniques have been recommended for reducing the bacterial contamination of water supplying the dental units. 4,7,12,13 Based on the results of this study, we recommend that dental staff members should perform the recommended methods to disinfect the dental clinic including water that is being used in patient clinical treatment aiming to reduce the risk of infection's spread in the dental clinic. In addition, further structured study should be carried out at multi-centres in Saudi Arabia. The need for such studies is crucial as the number of transmissible infection is increasing.
Within the parameters of this study, the results showed that:
Our special thanks to
Dr. Thakib Al-Shalan, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of
Dentistry, King Saud University, for his valuable constructive comments and
help.
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